The rules of Emperor Kangxi from 1661 to 1772 and Emperor Qianlong from 1735 to 1796 were still considered the golden age of prosperity. White Lotus Rebellion | Infoplease - Fact Monster Though he passed through an area inhabited by almost a million peasants, his army never measured more than four thousand soldiers, many of whom had been forced into service. Welcome to White Lotus Dental: At White Lotus Dental our goal is to provide the highest quality dental care in a comfortable, relaxed and friendly environment. This humiliation showed all of China's subjects, neighbors, and tributaries that the once-mighty China was now weak and vulnerable. https://www.thoughtco.com/fall-of-the-qing-dynasty-195608 (accessed March 4, 2023). The French Revolution was now the French "rebellion" or "chaos," but in fact, the existence of leased territories and foreign concessions provided plenty of fuel and varying degrees of safety for radical opponents. - marked a turning point in the history of the Qing dynasty. Althongh there were several risings against the Manchu dynasty during the first four reigns, the White Lotus Society kept quiet until about 1761, when the Emperor Kien-lung issued an edict against it and the Ming Tsuen or Illustrious Worthies and the Pah Yun or White Cloud sects. The White Lotus continued to be active, and it might have influenced the next major domestic rebellion, the Eight Trigrams Uprising of 1813. List of rebellions in China | Military Wiki | Fandom . The Rebellion is estimated to have caused the deaths of some 100,000 rebels.[1][2]. Encyclopedias almanacs transcripts and maps. When the Manchu tribes of Manchuria (now Northeast China) conquered China some 500 years later in the 17th century and proclaimed the Qing dynasty, the White Lotus Read More Yuan dynasty In China: Foreign religions Grandmother. window.__mirage2 = {petok:"uAtwiiQKDz3pej8tikjjXf8qtftBywxw48FuRjxp2JM-86400-0"}; All our content comes from Wikipedia and under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Motivated by millenarian Buddhists who promised the immediate return of the Buddha, it erupted out of social and economic discontent in the impoverished provinces of Hubei, Shaanxi, and Sichuan (including modern Sichuan and Chongqing). In 1896, Yan Fu translated Herbert Spencer's treatises on social Darwinism. You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. . The White Lotus bands mainly used guerrilla tactics, and once they disbanded were virtually indistinguishable from the local population. [2][3]. The calamitous Opium Wars seemed to prove that the alien ruling dynasty had lost the Mandate of Heaven and needed to be overthrown. As one Qing official complained:[9]. The rebels are all our own subjects. As a result of such technological improvements, the Chinese population exploded, increasing from just shy of 178 million in 1749 to almost 359 million in 1811; and by 1851, the population in Qing dynasty China was close to 432 million people. At first, farmers in regions adjacent to Mongolia worked for the Mongols, but eventually, the people in the overcrowded Hubei and Hunan provinces flowed out and into the region. The Qings were from Manchuria, and they established their dynasty as a conquering force of the Ming dynasty by non-Chinese outsiders, maintaining that identity and organization throughout their 268-year reign. The White lotus (Bailian Jiao, ) was a Buddhist political and religious movement that believed in a universal female divinity, the "Unborn Old Mother" who would gather all of her children towards the end of the millennium, into one large family. In 1774, one instance of a derivative sect, the Eight Trigrams arose in the form of underground meditation teachings and practice in Shandong province, not far from Beijing near the city of Linqing. Main article: White Lotus Rebellion Beginning in 1794, two decades after Wang Lun's failed uprising, a movement also arose in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan from Hubei and Shaanxi in central China as tax protests. The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (1127-1279). By that time, however, the regular government forces were too ridden with corruption to be of any use. Motivated by millenarian Buddhists who promised the immediate return of the Buddha, it erupted out of social and economic discontent in the impoverished provinces of Hubei, Shaanxi, and Sichuan . The Qing dynasty promoted itself as a conquering force, ruling China for 268 years before collapsing in 19111912. The White Lotus rebellion began when large groups of Chinese rioted in 1794. The term was only used by the millenarian rebels under intense pressure during government interrogations. This rebellion wasn't the direct down fall of the Qing dynasty. Barend Joannes Ter Haar has argued that the term "White Lotus" was used primarily by Ming and Qing imperial bureaucrats to disparagingly explain a wide range of unconnected millenarian traditions, rebel movements, and popular religious practices. By 1900, foreign powers including Britain, France, Germany, Russia, and Japan had established "spheres of influence" along China's coastal areas. Buddhist sects, such as the White Lotus sect, a group that attracted many followers among the Chinese lower classes. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Unable to build up a support base, he was forced to quickly flee all three cities that he attacked in order to evade government troops. An independent military force, the militia proved difficult to disband, and frequently it turned against the dynasty in the early 20th century. Snow Lotus | Frisco TX [13], Forty-eight years later, Zeng Guofan, leader of Hunan-based Xiang Army studied the Qing government's methods during the White Lotus Rebellion and he was inspired by them while he was considering ways to suppress the Taiping Rebellion. Qing Dynasty, China's Last Imperial Family, The Boxer Rebellion in Editorial Cartoons, Biography of Sun Yat-sen, Chinese Revolutionary Leader, The Fall of the Ming Dynasty in China in 1644, Tibet and China: History of a Complex Relationship, The Complex Structure of Ethnic Conflict in the Frontier: Through the Debates Around the 'Jindandao Incident' in 1891, The Monarch and Inner/Outer Court Dualism in Late Imperial China, 'Revolution': Conceptualizing Political and Social Change in the Late Qing Dynasty, Moving to the Right Place at the Right Time: Economic Effects on Migrants of the Manchuria Plague of 191011, Size and Dynastic Decline: The Principal-Agent Problem in Late Imperial China, 17001850. It apparently began as a tax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society that forecast the advent of the Buddha, advocated restoration of the native Chinese Ming dynasty, and promised personal salvation to its followers. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. Updates? Find your perfect car with Edmunds expert reviews, car comparisons, and pricing tools. [1] A smaller precursor to the main rebellion broke out in 1774, under the leadership of the martial-arts and herbal-healing expert Wang Lun in Shandong province of northern China. The White Lotus Rebellion - Home In its last stage, the Qing suppression policy combined pursuit and extermination of rebel guerrilla bands with a program of amnesty for deserters. - the imperial authorities suppressed the White Lotus Rebellion in 1805 using a combination of military and social policies. "Issues and Trends in China's Demographic History." Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. The Chinese authorities burned 20,000 bales of opium, and the British retaliated with a devastating invasion of mainland China, in two wars known as the Opium Wars of 183942 and 185660. A CHOICE OUTSTANDING ACADEMIC TITLE The White Lotus War (1796-1804) in central China marked the end of the Qing dynasty's golden age and the fatal weakening of the imperial system itself. History & Facts of The White Lotus Movement - China Underground Snow Lotus | Frisco TX - Facebook In 1794, a similar movement arose in the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces in central China, initially as a tax protest. Save up to $6,685 on one of 9 used Lotus Evora 400s in Frisco, TX. White Lotus | Chinese cult | Britannica Only after 1800 did the Qing government adopt new tactics that established local militias (tuan) to help surround and destroy the White Lotus. This signaled the beginning of the end for the Qing dynasty. Due to their brutality, the Qing troops were soon nicknamed the "Red Lotus" Society. Another major contributing factor to the downfall of the Qing dynasty was European imperialism and China's gross miscalculation of the power and ruthlessness of the British crown. The Red Turban Rebellion (Chinese: ; pinyin: Hngjn Qy) was an uprising influenced by the White Lotus Society members that, between 1351 and 1368, targeted the ruling Yuan Dynasty of China, eventually leading to its overthrowing. After both died in battle in 1796, Beijing sent new officials but none were successful. By 1387, after more than 30 years of war, their leader, Zhu Yuanzhang conquered the North China Plain and occupied the Yuan capital Khanbaliq (present-day Beijing). The end of the White Lotus Rebellion in 1804 also brought an end to the myth of military invincibility of the Manchu, perhaps contributing to the greater frequency of rebellions in the 19th century. The White Lotus Rebellion (Chinese: ; pinyin: Chun ch bi lin jio q y, 17941804) was a rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China. The rebellion began in 1794, when large groups of rebels claiming White . In 1794, one instance of a derivative sect of the White Lotus, the Eight Trigrams arose in the form of underground meditation teachings and practice in Shandong province, not far from Beijing (Zhili) near the city of Linqing. Ch'ien-lung (1711-1799) was the fourth emperor of the Ch'ing, or Manchu, dynasty in China. The White Lotus Rebellion was put down in 1805 as a combination of military and social policies. Contents 1 Daze Village Uprising 2 Rebellion of the Seven States 3 Llin 4 Chimei 5 Yellow Turban Rebellion 6 Five Pecks of Rice Rebellion 7 An Shi Rebellion 8 Red Turban Rebellion 9 Li Zicheng's Rebellion 10 Revolt of the Three Feudatories from Hubei and Shaanxi provs. Some of these militia groups were further trained as attack armies to seek out the rebels, whose forces were thinned by offers of amnesty to the rank and file and of rewards for the capture of the leaders. Other White Lotus spinoffs include the Eight Trigrams, the Tiger Whips, and the Yihequan (Boxers). //]]>. Retrieved February 22, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/reference/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/white-lotus-rebellion. [6] The group forecast the advent of Maitreya, advocated restoration of the native Chinese Ming Dynasty, and promised personal salvation to its followers while promising the return of the Buddha.[7]. At the . When they congregate and oppose the government, they are rebels; when they disperse and depart, they are civilians once more. The doctrine of the White Lotus includes an alleged forecast to the advent of the Buddha. Although the rebellion was finally crushed by the Qing government after eight years of fighting, it marked a sharp decline in the strength and prosperity of the Qing dynasty. ." White Lotus Rebellion, (17961804), large-scale uprising in the mountainous regions of central China that contributed to the decline of the Qing dynasty (16441911/12). 22 Feb. 2023 . This Liu Chi-hieh set up a youth named Wang Fa-sheng, whom he represented to be a member of the Chu family and a descendant of the Ming emperors, as the rightful sovereign of the people. Beginning as tax protests, the eventual rebellion gained growing support and sympathy from many ordinary people. Motivated by millenarian Buddhists who promised the immediate return of the Buddha, it erupted out of social and economic discontent in the impoverished provinces of Hubei, Shaanxi, and Sichuan (including modern Sichuan and Chongqing). As one Qing official complained:[6], "The rebels are all our own subjects. White Lotus Rebellion - Wikiwand Qing control weakened and prosperity diminished by the 19th century. During much of that time, China was the single, undisputed superpower in East Asia, with neighboring lands such as Korea, Vietnam, and an often-reluctant Japan trailing in its cultural wake. The White Lotus Rebellion Another important rebellion launched by members of the White Lotus Society was the White Lotus Rebellion . One such official was Huang Yupian (), who refuted the ideas which were found in the scriptures which expressed orthodox Confucian and Buddhist views in A Detailed Refutation of Heresy ( Pxi Xingbin), which was written in 1838. The first Chinese immigrant to the United Sta, boxer Alissa, Clarissa, kisser, Larissa, Marisa, Melissa, Orissa, reminiscer fixer, mixer, sixer convincer, mincer, pincer, rinser, wincer Amrits, White Lafitte Jos (Silvestre de los Dolores), White House Correspondents' Association Dinner 2006 Speech, White Hot: The Mysterious Murder of Thelma Todd, White Nights (Belye Nochi) by Fedor Dostoevskii, 1848, https://www.encyclopedia.com/reference/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/white-lotus-rebellion. "The Fall of China's Qing Dynasty in 19111912." Approximately 7,000 Banner troops were sent in from Manchuria in combination with Green Standard Army soldiers from Guizhou and Yunnan as well as tens of thousands of local mercenaries.[9]. Civil conflicts including the White Lotus Rebellion (1774-1805), Xinjiang wars (1820s and 1860s) and Taiping Civil War (1850-64) broke out across Qing China. The Emperor Qianlong (Ch'ien-lung) (reigned 173599) sent Helin, brother to the infamously corrupt eunuch Heshen and Fukangan, related by marriage to the Emperor, to quell the uprising. The rebellion was ended by the deaths of some 100,000 rebels. The White Lotus continued to be active, and might have influence the next major domestic rebellion, the Eight Trigrams Uprising of 1813.[6]. What was the White Lotus rebellion and what did it do to the dynasty The White Lotus bands mainly used guerrilla tactics, and once they disbanded, they were virtually indistinguishable from the local population. A second major contributor was internal turmoil, expressed in a series of devastating rebellions beginning in 1794 with the White Lotus rebellion, and ending with the Boxer Rebellion of 18991901 and Wuchang Uprising of 19111912. In his opening speech, Satan vows never to "repent or change" (line 969696). He declared that to prevent the capture of the young prince when a child, he had fled with him and concealed him beyond the borders of China. Though many movements and rebellions were considered by imperial bureaucrats to have been led by White Lotus Society leaders, there is reason to doubt that the White Lotus Society had any organizational unity. That history stretched back at least as far as 221 BCE when Qin Shi Huangdi first united China into a single empire. Therefore, its best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publications requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. The Qing state banned the religion, and it, The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (11271279). Only after 1800 did the Qing government adopt new tactics that established local militias (tuan) to help surround and destroy the White Lotus. White Lotus Rebellion | Detailed Pedia Not until the Qianlong emperor died in 1799 was Heshen removed and the war really prosecuted. Updates? Chien-lung | Encyclopedia.com in, Gaustad, Blaine C. "Prophets and pretenders: inter-sect competition in Qianlong China. 12 talking about this. White Lotus Rebellion, (1796-1804), large-scale uprising in the mountainous regions of central China that contributed to the decline of the Qing dynasty (1644-1911/12). This took place during the Qing Dynasty, and lasted from 1796 to 1804. Matt, I think religion played an important rule in peasants' rebellion in ancient China. Vast sums of money earmarked for the campaign against the rebels, however, were embezzled by the imperial favourite Heshen and his friends. These militia groups were later instrumental in defeating the Taiping rebellion. The young pretender, Wang Fa-sheng, was never any other than a puppet in the hands of the leaders. Although the rebellion continued for nine years, it never became an organized attempt to establish a new dynasty. . White Lotus Rebellion | Encyclopedia.com Explain semantic, declarative, episodic, and explicit memories. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. White Lotus Rebellion, Chinese anti-Manchu uprising that occurred during the Ch'ing dynasty. The Qianlong Emperor (r. 173596) sent Helin (, brother of Heshen) and Fuk'anggan to quell the uprising. Omissions? Motivated by millenarian Buddhists who promised the immediate return of the Buddha, it erupted out of social and economic discontent in the impoverished provinces of Hubei, Shaanxi, and Sichuan (including modern Sichuan and Chongqing). Nevertheless, where can you catch hints that the -angel longs for his former state? The Last Emperor, 6-year-old Puyi, formally abdicated the throne on Feb. 12, 1912, ending not only the Qing dynasty but China's millennia-long imperial period. She has taught at the high school and university levels in the U.S. and South Korea. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. The end of the White Lotus Rebellion in 1804 also brought an end to the myth of the military invincibility of the Manchus, contributing to the increasing frequency of rebellions in the 19th century. Surprisingly, the ill-organized rebels managed to defeat the inadequate and inefficient Qing imperial forces. Having attained the Mandate of Heaven and the status of Emperor, Zhu Yuanzhang named his period of reign "Hongwu" (thus he was known as the Hongwu Emperor) and founded a new dynasty the Ming dynasty. The Qianlong Emperor (r. 173596) sent Helin (, brother of Heshen) and Fuk'anggan to quell the uprising. Soon the new migrants began to outnumber the indigenous people, and conflict over local leadership grew and grew strong. "Civilians Go into Battle: Hired Militias in the White Lotus War, 1796-1805. - systematic program of pacification followed, Causes and effects of internal challenges; Wh, taiping (Taip'ing) rebellion: reasons for the, taping rebellionconsequences for Chinese soc, tongzhi restoration and self-strengthening mo, collectivisation (maintenance of power, stali, John Lund, Paul S. Vickery, P. Scott Corbett, Todd Pfannestiel, Volker Janssen, Eric Hinderaker, James A. Henretta, Rebecca Edwards, Robert O. Self. Throughout the 1820s and 1830s, the area of the boundary between Henan and Anhui was perpetually plagued by White Lotus revolts, the White Lotus rebels were frequently in league with the area's brigands and salt smugglers. Though many movements and rebellions were considered by imperial bureaucrats to have been led by White Lotus Society leaders, there is reason to doubt that the White Lotus Society had any organizational unity. The White Lotus Rebellion (Chinese: ; pinyin: Chun ch bi lin jio q y, 17941804) was a rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China.