/ExtGState << When processing with System 1 which start automatically without control, people expend little or even no effort, but can generate complex patterns of ideas. << /StructParents 3 For example, people tend to make correspondent reasoning and are likely to believe that behaviors should be correlated to or representative of stable characteristics. Transcribed image text: Question 33 (Mandatory) (1 point) The perspective that our needs, values, or goals at a given time impact our categorization of other people is known as the view. >> 2 . /ParentTree 19 0 R Gordon . << Journalize Versailles Co.s entries to record the payment. Activated actor c. Cognitive miser d. Motivated tactician 11. "The subtlest and most pervasive of all influences are those which create and maintain the repertory of stereotypes." What is conformity? Samuel Popkin argues that voters make rational choices by using information shortcuts that they receive during campaigns, usually using something akin to a drunkard's search. COGNITIVE MISER: people use the least complex & demandingcognitions that are able to produce generally adaptivebehaviours people are limited in capacity to process information, take numerous cognitive shortcuts 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 /Type /Group Overview cognitive miser Quick Reference An interpretation of stereotypes as psychological mechanisms that economize on the time and effort spent on information processing by simplifying social reality, which would otherwise overwhelm our cognitive capacities with its complexity. What is the difference between them? Nave Scientist: need to form a coherent view of the world &to gain control over the environmentAttributions: need to attribute causes to effects and to create a meaningful, stable world where things makesense, clear, definable, predictable. /Type /Group What characterizes the peripheral route and what kinds of decisions are involved? -O6'3:gLM./HP7f_Pm.Td]o>/pv/%]*+x/v]s&huL?tF&|A{>[#ncBq7_ \* gUF g53sV{jwL~*Q?L"\Nc7S;Jv_TO#,$=wa)3bpmn0`n^m9s;'g0lOwPO qu?tv,. >> Hence, influence from external factors are unneglectable in shaping peoples stereotypes. /Resources << [30] Further, people spend less cognitive effort in buying toothpaste than they do when picking a new car, and that difference in information-seeking is largely a function of the costs.[31]. -Meta Analysis: looks at findings over multiple studies xZ[o:~|VDJ vlm\,>8kzI#Hg87\u4_|6es^,.75>.z Fgq=q?"baKFKX>aY.wrw7d/yss7u',>#=6u_@fVubl+6"(ehK}~aOS&q1~_Xr[\eQ/FTvqg4;8V=q.0bIA_:?tb.OtD*x"[ =v:Zz=7;s+w@Y{~;\11k0_~z9PwZWBf~8Me((hI'8B)|]>r KP+b:PS6zONv3oq^C%-G L~C /GS8 28 0 R /F4 24 0 R 8 [240 0 R 241 0 R 242 0 R 243 0 R 244 0 R 245 0 R 246 0 R 247 0 R 248 0 R 249 0 R The dual processing system can produce cognitive illusions. /F4 24 0 R What is the motivation of the flawed scientist? [33] People apply a number of shortcuts or heuristics in making judgements about the likelihood of an event, because the rapid answers provided by heuristics are often right. Therefore, we try to spend as little as possible in most caseswe are misers who try to protect our resources for important judgments. *P?9-(A4wP"gr=I @OkZR+tfOBT$!/47(}X0N>q*0@pa 6G$B3WG$ucj?d7tN%1LiWmqw orY;M#a~)vTiU o2"yHaUr@JiilHcGo'5"I;Y?D-'y~ /ExtGState << The cognitive miser theory is an . /F1 21 0 R Question 7 1.5 / 1.5 points What general approach to studying and thinking about person perception assumes that people will generally put in little effort to thinking about the causes of other people's behavior? That is to say, people live in a second-handed world with mediated reality, where the simplified model for thinking (i.e., stereotypes) could be created and maintained by external forces. /K [52 0 R 53 0 R 54 0 R 55 0 R 56 0 R 353 0 R 354 0 R 355 0 R 356 0 R 357 0 R One of the more naive efforts at such reconciliation . -Ex Chinese immigrants for making the railroads. /BaseFont /Times-Bold [15][pageneeded]. Contents. Identify three specific concepts that support the logic of each philosophical anthropology (you should be discussing a total of 9 supporting concepts). What is the Fundamental Attribution Error? What is the "door-in-the-face" technique? /Group << -They would overbook places, give one group food that was better, etc. endobj 28 0 obj /GS7 27 0 R How do we use positive test strategy to test hypotheses? << 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Applying this framework to human thought processes, nave scientists seek the consistency and stability that comes from a coherent view of the world and need for environmental control. Rectilinear motion The height above ground (in feet) of a ball thrown vertically into the air is given by. >> /S /Transparency 283 0 R 284 0 R 285 0 R 286 0 R 287 0 R 288 0 R 289 0 R 290 0 R 291 0 R 292 0 R What is the actor-observer bias? attribution theory participants can and do use complex systems but only under 4 0 obj -Behavioral tendencies: (avoidance, active discrimination), -Stereotype: a positive or negative belief about the characteristics of a group that is applied generally to most members of that group. /ExtGState << /Resources << ] [1] Just as a miser seeks to avoid spending money, the human mind often seeks to avoid spending cognitive effort. Attempting to observe things freshly and in detail is mentally exhausting, especially among busy affairs. [2] [20] Given the limited information processing capabilities of individuals, people are always trying to adopt strategies that simplify complex problems. Book: Stanovich, Keith E. . In psychology, the human mind is considered to be a cognitive miser due to the tendency of humans to think and solve problems in simpler and less effortful ways rather than in more sophisticated and effortful ways, regardless of intelligence. People can be cognitive misers over naive scientists but the attribution theory participants can and do use complex systems but only under certain conditions. [18] However, in relying upon heuristics instead of detailed analysis, like the information processing employed by Heider's nave scientist, biased information processing is more likely to occur. /S /Transparency >> << As a result, one will generally believe one's impressions and act on one's desires. -Conformity: /Type /Group What is the "foot-in-the-door" technique? 269273 . [7], Before Fiske and Taylor's cognitive miser theory, the predominant model of social cognition was the nave scientist. << -2008 first black president /Diagram /Figure /Type /Page -Cognitive Misers: take shortcuts whenever possible, value ease and efficiency at the expense of accuracy. >> Describe his findings. >> x[[Ggc%adp 3 t_hbdK _TwUt5vQ_Nw.{1_.;?nEM]0{?;a}|o/91m~?=>6Gc;xv;{x^(]G!=ig/ho#1na{quo|8Lg?b79?=|xCd]%ZtnrYHo/cauo~qeiL&'?Yv:woa =)Cnf;ZyK|HJ!C|XzfNbpyf`|*F Please select the correct language below. /Type /Group How do dissonance reduction and self-justification affect prejudice and discrimination? Sie suchen nach einem 70413 lego, das Ihren Ansprchen gerecht wird? stream How did Asch study conformity? endobj q*15Q[7t. /F3 23 0 R /F1 21 0 R They are often surprised by the complex reality of the world. 101 0 R 102 0 R 103 0 R 104 0 R 105 0 R 106 0 R 107 0 R 108 0 R 109 0 R 110 0 R >> adopting a cognitive miser approach but however if the target is not a good fit In other words, this theory suggests that humans are, in fact, both naive scientists and cognitive misers. endobj Nathaniel . Cognitive misers usually act in two ways: by ignoring part of the information to reduce their own cognitive load, or by overusing some kind of information to avoid finding more information. /Group << Dual process theory proposes that there are two types of cognitive processes in human mind. What is obedience? >> 6 [194 0 R 195 0 R 196 0 R 197 0 R 198 0 R 199 0 R 200 0 R 201 0 R 202 0 R 203 0 R 0 333 0 500 0 444 500 444 500 444 /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] endobj /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] /Parent 2 0 R Acting as a cognitive miser should lead those with expertise in an area to more efficient informationprocessing and streamlined decision making. /Name /F2 /F2 22 0 R certain conditions. /Parent 2 0 R >> [1] Just as a miser seeks to avoid spending money, the human mind often seeks to avoid spending cognitive effort. Olivier . /F3 23 0 R >> What sort of characteristics go together to form certain types of personality? Some pieces of information have a disproportionately largeinfluence on the shaping of the whole, Central traits: traits that have a disproportionate impact on overall impressions, Peripheral traits: traits that have little impact on overall impressions. >> /CS /DeviceRGB >> /Textbox /Sect << System 2 may also have no clue to the error. -Differs: stream nave scientist cognitive miser motivated tactician outgroup homogeneity Previous question Next question Main Point: aside from cognition motivation also plays a large role in the social thinker. Cram has partnered with the National Tutoring Association, Social Psychology: Bringing It All Together, Summative (additive model): the valence of all traits are summed, Averaging: the valence of all traits are averaged, Weighted averaging: the valence of all traits are first weighted (based on the importance of the variable within the context) and then averaged regarded as the, People may sense the world similarly, but perceive it differently. /Parent 2 0 R The "motivated tactician" model is best described by which of the following? [22] However, as Lau and Redlawsk note, acting as cognitive miser who employs heuristics can have very different results for high-information and low-information voters. ->Inuit: low food accumulating, took risks, less conformity -Social loafing: where individuals become less productive in groups Distinguish between a durable consumer good and a nondurable consumer good. Schemas can be useful because they allow us to take shortcuts when interpret Schemas are mental structures people use to organize knowledge about the social world around themes or subjects. [39] Kruglanski proposed that people are combination of nave scientists and cognitive misers: people are flexible social thinkers who choose between multiple cognitive strategies (i.e., speed/ease vs. accuracy/logic) based on their current goals, motives, and needs. 17 0 obj Instead, Fiske, Taylor, and Arie W. Kruglanski and other social psychologists offer an alternative explanation of social cognition: the motivated tactician. Due to the seemingly smooth current situation, people unconsciously adjusted their acceptance of risk; People tend to over-express their faith and confidence to backup systems and safety devices; People regard complicated technical systems in line with complicated governing structures; If concerned with the certain issue, people tend to spread good news and hide bad news; People tend to think alike if they are in the same field (see also: System 1 generates suggestions for System 2, with impressions, intuitions, intentions or feelings; If System 1's proposal is endorsed by System 2, those impressions and intuitions will turn into beliefs, and the sudden inspiration generated by System 1 will turn into voluntary actions; When everything goes smoothly (as is often the case), System 2 adopts the suggestions of System 1 with little or no modification. . << << /P 3 0 R /FontDescriptor 363 0 R What is culture? [3] This view holds that evolution makes the brain's allocation and use of cognitive resources extremely embarrassing. 272 0 R 273 0 R 274 0 R 275 0 R 276 0 R 277 0 R 278 0 R 279 0 R 280 0 R 281 0 R /Annots [34 0 R] /Tabs /S /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] They argue that people start the process of impression formation by The cognitive miser theory did not originally specify the role of motivation. /BaseFont /Times#20New#20Roman /Contents 41 0 R 7,000 & 6,000 \\ -automatic responses, eye contact, speech problems, etc, -Minimal intergroup paradigm: the minimal conditions required for discrimination to occur between groups. -WEIRD: White, educated, industrialized, rich, democratic 10.1016/j.chb.2015.02.029. What does WEIRD refer to? What is the best treatment for groupthink? /F2 22 0 R People have trouble in imagining how small failings can pile up to form a catastrophe; People tend to get accustomed to risk. /Subtype /TrueType /Subtype /Type1 238 0 R 239 0 R] 3 0 obj /Font << -Door in the face: have someone respond negatively to a negative request, then positively to a smaller one What is the purpose of the accounting cycle? The Cognitive miser model is a view of information processing that assumes the human mind is rather limited in time, knowledge, attention, and cognitive resources. /F3 23 0 R First proposed in 1958 by FritzHeider in The Psychology of Interpersonal Relations, this theory holds that humans think and act with dispassionate rationality whilst engaging in detailed and nuanced thought processes for both complex and routine actions. others. /GS7 27 0 R Describe the findings of Zajonc's cockroach study and the playing pool study. Ex) slightly unprejudiced becomes less prejudiced and vice versa. >> -Not enough information: one-shot exposure, fundamental attribution error (the person's fault not ours). %PDF-1.3 too much on mibd = heuristics 3) importance - heuristics better for estimates, if decison is important become a naive scientist 4) information level - if have all necessary info = become naive scientist How does holistic thinking differ from analytical thinking? Fiske and Taylor argue that acting as cognitive misers is rational due to the sheer volume and intensity of information and stimuli humans intake. Cognitive miserliness was first proposed as a model for human thinking in 1984 by psychologists Susan Fiske and Shelley Taylor in their book Social Cognition. -Characteristics of the messenger: attractive, credible, similar to oneself. /Type /Group {\text { Price }} & {\text { Quantity }} \\ /Font << /Title (Social Cognition From Brains to Culture 2nd Edition Fiske Test Bank) [2], The metaphor of the cognitive miser assumes that the human mind is limited in time, knowledge, attention, and cognitive resources. /S /Transparency 2 [91 0 R 92 0 R 93 0 R 94 0 R 95 0 R 96 0 R 97 0 R 98 0 R 99 0 R 100 0 R [8] In this way, humans were thought to think like scientists, albeit nave ones, measuring and analyzing the world around them. 2#/@LF6vCYJvHPd"}1C{8:0# Lh5tfz|baZ 2U>aQ K/)QCqQ"#G'og|Bc. /F3 23 0 R By James M. Olson, Mark P. Zanna, C. Peter Herman. Once a category is activated we tend t see members as possessing all the /Type /StructElem >> Here are 9 common cognitive shortcuts most people do to minimize the use of the brains we've been given. >> /F4 24 0 R That is, habitual cooperators assume most of the others as cooperators, and habitual defectors assume most of the others as defectors. /F2 22 0 R Rather than using an in-depth understanding of scientific topics, people make decisions based on other shortcuts or heuristics such as ideological predistortions or cues from mass media, and therefore use only as much information as necessary. [11] Through the study of causal attributions, led by HaroldKelley and BernardWeiner amongst others, social psychologists began to observe that subjects regularly demonstrate several attributional biases including but not limited to the fundamentalattributionerror. We have created a browser extension. the idea that people neither cognitive misers or naive scientists. >> -Ethic of social responsibility: being the target is frustrating /Type /Page Who is Kurt Lewin & what is "Action Research? /F3 23 0 R Lippmann therefore suggested that the public "cannot be wise", since they can be easily misled by overly simplified reality which is consistent with their pre-existing pictures in mind, and any disturbance of the existing stereotypes will seem like "an attack upon the foundation of the universe". /Contents 37 0 R << What kinds of errors occur when we don't process all relevant information? Psychology concepts and studies for a level work, contains everything you will need to know for the exam or if you are doing a btech course pick up the key points and add your own examples, feel free to use this on whatever you need, best used for revision and advanced psychology work at university level, The availability heuristic is responsible for a bias known << Much of the cognitive miser theory is built upon work done on heuristicsinjudgmentanddecision-making,[15][pageneeded] most notably AmosTversky and DanielKahneman results published in a series of influential articles. 500 0 0 389 278] endobj -Social comparison: idea that we learn about our own abilities and attitudes by comparing ourselves to other people The wave of research on attributional biases done by Kahneman, Tversky and others effectively ended the dominance of Heider's nave scientist within social psychology. /S /Transparency The implications of this theory raise important questions about both cognition and humanbehavior. Which is viewed as more homogeneous? /StructParents 4 [12], The study of attributions had two effects: it created further interest in testing the naive scientist and opened up a new wave of social psychology research that questioned its explanatory power.